Sputtering Coefficients of Beryllium and Tungsten by Various Atoms from Hydrogen to Tungsten

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Abstract

Using computer simulation, the sputtering coefficients of Be and W targets, promising materials for the first wall and divertor in the ITER tokamak, are calculated in a wide range of incident atom energies 10–100 000 eV. The following atoms were chosen as projectiles: H, D, T, He, Be, C, N, O, Ne, Ar, W. A strong influence of the surface profile on the results obtained is shown. The limiting cases of a planar potential barrier (smooth surface) and a spherical potential barrier (rough surface) are considered. Data on the average energy and angular distributions of sputtered atoms were obtained, which are necessary for calculating the influx of impurities into the tokamak plasma. The influx of wall material atoms into the ITER tokamak plasma is estimated when the wall is sputtered by flows of fast deuterium and tritium atoms leaving the plasma.

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V. S. Mikhailov

Ioffe Institute

Email: babenko@npd.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

P. Yu. Babenko

Ioffe Institute

Author for correspondence.
Email: babenko@npd.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

A. P. Shergin

Ioffe Institute

Email: babenko@npd.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

A. N. Zinoviev

Ioffe Institute

Email: babenko@npd.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Shape of the potential barrier for different surfaces: (a) planar barrier (smooth surface), (b) spherical barrier (surface consisting of spicules). The bold arrow indicates the direction of departure of the atomised particle. Dotted arrows show the directions of the electric field force lines

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3. Fig. 2. Atomisation coefficients for a beryllium target by H, D, T, He, C, N, O, Ne, Ar atoms for normal beam incidence on the target as a function of the energy of the colliding atoms: (a) - planar barrier, flat surface, (b) - spherical barrier, surface consisting of individual atoms

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4. Fig. 3. Atomisation coefficients for a tungsten target by H, D, T, He, C, N, O, Ne, Ar, W atoms for normal incidence as a function of the energy of colliding atoms: (a) - planar barrier, flat surface, (b) - spherical barrier, surface consisting of individual atoms

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5. Fig. 4. Dependence of the ratio of the threshold energy for atomisation to sublimation energy on the mass ratio of colliding particles. Results of our calculations: target from Be, open circles - spherical barrier, filled circles - planar barrier; target from W, open squares - spherical barrier, filled squares - planar barrier. Small black dots are the results of [6]. Lines - approximations (see text)

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6. Fig. 5. Atomisation coefficient of a beryllium target by atoms: (a) He, (b) Be, (c) O, (d) Ne, (e) Ar as a function of the energy of bombarding particles. Our calculation: for a flat barrier - line with squares, for a spherical barrier - line with circles. The blue solid line is the calculation of the Eckstein group [7]. The dots are the results of experimental work given in the monograph [6]. In Fig. 5a, the dashed line shows the calculation by formula (2) [19]

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7. Fig. 6. Atomisation coefficient of a tungsten target by atoms: (a) - He, (b) - Be, (c) - O, (d) - Ne, (e) - Ar and (f) - W as a function of the energy of the bombarding particles. Our calculation: for a flat barrier the line with squares, for a spherical barrier the line with circles. The blue solid line is the calculation of the Eckstein group [6,7]. Dots - results of experimental work given in the monograph [6]. Dashed line - calculation by formula (2) [19]. For the Be-W case, the data of calculations from [22,23] (squares and triangles) using molecular dynamics methods are given; the dashed curve is a calculation using formulas from [24]; the dashed line is a calculation by the SDTrimSP programme from [25]

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8. Fig. 7. Dependence of the average energy of the atom sputtered on the initial energy of the bombarding particle under irradiation with different atoms: (a) - Be target, (b) - W target. Solid dots - planar surface barrier, open dots - spherical barrier

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9. Fig. 8. Normalised angular distribution of atomised particles for the spherical surface potential barrier: (a) He-Be case; (b) He-W case; (c) W-W case

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10. Fig. 9. Normalised angular dependences of atomised particles for the case of a planar potential surface barrier: (a) He-Be case; (b) He-W case; (c) W-W case

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11. Fig. 10. Energy spectrum dN/dE of deuterium and tritium atoms bombarding the first wall of the tokamak. θn is the angle of incidence relative to the normal to the surface, φn = 0°. The figure is taken from our work [4]

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12. Fig. 11. Dependence of the contribution of fast atoms D and T leaving the plasma on their energy to the atomisation of the Be and W wall for different surface potential barriers. Solid lines - planar barrier, dashed lines - spherical barrier

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