Bet-hedging strategies in Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae) populations in European Northeast Russia

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Abstract

Based on the concept of bet-hedging, this study explores the mechanisms that maintain the Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier populations size and age structure in the absence of a long-term soil seed bank for this species. The research focuses on the dynamics of mericarpia (“seeds”) in the soil bank of H. mantegazzianum, the number of seedlings, and juvenile individuals in the Middle Taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. The populations of H. mantegazzianum are characterized by the accumulation of a significant number of empty seed coats in the soil, while the median number of viable mericarpia does not exceed 2000 pieces per square meter. A prolonged period of natural stratification, lasting up to six months, guarantees that virtually all the seeds from the previous harvest will mature and sprout promptly in the spring. Consequently, in the European Northeast Russia climate, the plants H. mantegazzianum establish a transient seed bank. The number of juvenile individuals of H. mantegazzianum remains relatively stable at approximately 200 individuals per square meter, attributed to a consistent supply of new seeds, rapid spring development of seedlings, and the retention of individuals in a juvenile stage during their second year of life. The utilization of light resources during spring and autumn, along with the ability to enter a state of dormancy during the summer, contribute to the survival and maintenance of juvenile individuals under conditions of intense intra-specific competition. In H. mantegazzianum, the bet-hedging strategy is implemented through the reproduction of an extremely small fraction (less than 0.01%) of the total population, the presence of a sufficient bank of underground dormant buds, and the ability of juvenile individuals to enter a state of forced dormancy.

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About the authors

I. V. Dalke

Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: dalke@ib.komisc.ru

Institute of Biology

Russian Federation, Kommunisticheskaya, 28, Syktyvkar, 167982

R. V. Malyshev

Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of RAS

Email: dalke@ib.komisc.ru

Institute of Biology

Russian Federation, Kommunisticheskaya, 28, Syktyvkar, 167982

I. G. Zakhozhiy

Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of RAS

Email: dalke@ib.komisc.ru

Institute of Biology

Russian Federation, Kommunisticheskaya, 28, Syktyvkar, 167982

I. F. Chadin

Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of RAS

Email: dalke@ib.komisc.ru

Institute of Biology

Russian Federation, Kommunisticheskaya, 28, Syktyvkar, 167982

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2. Fig. 1. Phenological spectrum of H. mantegazzianum in self-sustaining cenopopulations, heat supply of the territory with the sum of active temperatures above 5°C (CAT5) and soil temperature. Designations: 1 – dormancy and stratification of seeds, winter dormancy of plants; 2 – seed germination, development of basal leaves of plants; 3 – budding; 4 – flowering; 5 – fruiting; 6 – seed shedding, death of the aboveground part of plants. Phenophases 3–6 apply only to plants in the generative age state.

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3. Fig. 2. Seasonal dynamics of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) input to H. mantegazzianum plants. 1 – PAR intensity at a height of 250 cm above the soil surface, 2 – PAR intensity at a height of 10–15 cm above the soil surface. The average value with standard deviation is given, the figures (%) indicate the share of the luminous flux penetrating the ground layer from the total PAR input.

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4. Fig. 3. The composition of the soil seed bank in H. mantegazzianum cenopopulations in autumn: a - density of empty seed coats (se0) and seeds, b - density of dead (se-) and viable (se+) seeds. Combined data for all cenopopulations for 2021-2023 are presented.

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5. Fig. 4. Seasonal changes in the number of seeds, seedlings and juvenile plants of H. mantegazzianum: a - density of viable seeds and seedlings, b - density of juvenile individuals, c - relationship between seed yield and density of juvenile plants during the vegetation of the following year (median values are given). Pearson correlation r = 0.86, p = 0.0068; the 95% confidence interval is shown in dark gray. Combined data for CP 1–4 for 2021–2023 are presented.

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6. Fig. 5. Variability in the habitus and morphometric parameters of H. mantegazzianum plants in the first year of life: a – vegetative plants, b – plants in a state of forced dormancy (August–September 2021).

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7. Fig. 6. Dynamics of H. mantegazzianum seed germination (a) and changes in embryo length (b) during cold stratification.

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