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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инновационные транспортные системы и технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-3733</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717117</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/transsyst717117</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and substations: remaining useful life estimation based on a dual Kalman filter</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цифровой двойник аккумуляторной батареи для тягового подвижного состава и подстанций: оценка остаточного ресурса на основе двойного фильтра Калмана</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-1994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8626-0883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nezevak</surname><given-names>Vladislav L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Незевак</surname><given-names>Владислав Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Electric Power Supply of Railway Transport</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры «Электроснабжение железнодорожного транспорта»</p></bio><email>ostu_ietpss_articles@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1468-9368</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4075-5430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakanova</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баканова</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>bakanovaei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Omsk State Transport University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Омский государственный университет путей сообщения</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>440</fpage><lpage>464</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-24"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Nezevak V.L., Bakanova E.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Незевак В.Л., Баканова Е.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nezevak V.L., Bakanova E.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Незевак В.Л., Баканова Е.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/transj/article/view/717117">https://transsyst.ru/transj/article/view/717117</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> One of the key objectives of digital transformation in railway transport is the development of digital platforms and digital twins aimed at improving operational efficiency. Predicting the remaining useful life of equipment is a critical task for traction rolling stock and traction substations of traction power supply systems. A key component affecting the reliability of these assets is batteries. The development of a digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and substations enables the estimation of essential parameters, namely remaining capacity and remaining useful life (RUL).</p> <p><bold>Aim: </bold>To develop a digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and traction substations of traction power supply systems, providing estimates of remaining capacity and RUL based on a dual Kalman filter, using a mixed approach to state-of-charge (SoC) estimation and adaptive forgetting factors derived from measurements of current, voltage, and temperature.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold> To achieve the stated aim, the research employed methods of experimental design, mathematical statistics, differential calculus, and a dual Kalman filter algorithm. Verification of the results was performed using experimental data from a lithium-ion battery with a series connection of 15 cells. The estimation of remaining capacity and RUL was based on joint filtering of the parameters of a Thevenin equivalent circuit model and the SoC.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> A digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and substations has been developed. The proposed digital twin enables the determination of remaining capacity and RUL from measured values of current, voltage, and temperature.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results were verified against measurement data from standard control and monitoring systems. The mean absolute percentage error for the SoC and voltage estimation was less than 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. The obtained estimates of the RUL and remaining capacity are reliable and consistent with the results of similar studies in charge–discharge cycles. The proposed method for estimating the remaining useful life and remaining capacity of batteries for traction rolling stock and substations is recommended for use in technical condition monitoring and diagnostic systems within the framework of the Digital Locomotive and Digital Substation projects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Одной из задач цифровизации процессов на железнодорожном транспорте является создание цифровых платформ и двойников, применение которых предназначено для повышения эффективности производственной деятельности. Прогнозирование остаточного ресурса оборудования является актуальной задачей для тягового подвижного состава и подстанций систем тягового электроснабжения. Ключевым элементом, оказывающим влияние на надежность указанных объектов, являются аккумуляторные батареи. Разработка цифрового двойника аккумуляторной батареи тягового подвижного состава и подстанций позволяет оценить основные показатели: остаточную емкость и остаточный ресурс батареи.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Разработка цифрового двойника аккумуляторной батареи тягового подвижного состава и подстанций систем тягового электроснабжения, обеспечивающего оценку остаточной емкости и остаточного ресурса (<italic>RUL</italic>) на основе двойного фильтра Калмана с использованием смешанного подхода к оценке состояния заряда (<italic>SoC</italic>) и адаптивных коэффициентов забывания по измерениям тока, напряжения и температуры.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Для достижения цели решение задач исследования выполнено с использованием методов планирования эксперимента, математической статистики, дифференциального исчисления, алгоритма двойного фильтра Калмана. Верификация результатов выполнена на основе экспериментальных данных работы литий-ионной аккумуляторной батареи с последовательным соединением элементов (15<italic>S</italic>). Оценка остаточной емкости и остаточного ресурса (<italic>RUL</italic>) выполнена на основе совместной фильтрации параметров модели на схеме замещения Тевенина и состояния заряда (<italic>SoC</italic>).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Разработан цифровой двойник аккумуляторной батареи тягового подвижного состава и подстанции, позволяющий по измеренным значениям тока, напряжения и температуры определять остаточную емкость и остаточный ресурс (<italic>RUL</italic>).</p> <p><bold>Заключение: </bold>результаты работы верифицированы по данным измерений штатных систем контроля и мониторинга <italic>BMS</italic>, средняя абсолютная процентная ошибка определения степени заряженности (<italic>SoC</italic>) и напряжения составила менее 1,5 и 0,5% соответственно. Полученные значения оценки остаточного ресурса и остаточной емкости являются достоверными и согласуются с результатами аналогичных исследований в циклах заряда-разряда. Предложенный способ оценки остаточного ресурса и остаточной емкости аккумуляторных батарей тягового подвижного состава и подстанций рекомендуется использовать в системах мониторинга технического состояния и диагностики в проектах цифровой локомотив и цифровая подстанция.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>traction rolling stock</kwd><kwd>traction substation</kwd><kwd>battery</kwd><kwd>state of charge (SoC)</kwd><kwd>remaining useful life (RUL)</kwd><kwd>remaining capacity</kwd><kwd>recorded data</kwd><kwd>dual Kalman filter</kwd><kwd>mixed estimation</kwd><kwd>adaptive forgetting factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тяговый подвижной состав</kwd><kwd>тяговая подстанция</kwd><kwd>аккумуляторная батарея</kwd><kwd>степень заряженности</kwd><kwd>остаточный ресурс</kwd><kwd>остаточная емкость</kwd><kwd>данные регистрации</kwd><kwd>двойной фильтр Калмана</kwd><kwd>смешанная оценка</kwd><kwd>коэффициенты адаптации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisov PV, Vorobyev AA. 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