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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инновационные транспортные системы и технологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-3733</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">688863</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/transsyst688863</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk assessment and threat visualization in transport infrastructure</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методы оценки рисков и визуализация угроз в транспортной инфраструктуре</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6160-455X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4123-8950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavyalov</surname><given-names>Alexey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завьялов</surname><given-names>Алексей Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент</p></bio><email>alzav1310@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7741-0611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshkova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мешкова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>Elizaveta_meshkova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6422-8421</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5293-1930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gluhih</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глухих</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>gluhih_tv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-08"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Zavyalov A.B., Meshkova E.A., Gluhih T.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Завьялов А.Б., Мешкова Е.А., Глухих Т.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zavyalov A.B., Meshkova E.A., Gluhih T.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Завьялов А.Б., Мешкова Е.А., Глухих Т.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/transj/article/view/688863">https://transsyst.ru/transj/article/view/688863</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work describes evidence-based risk assessment methods and threat visualization tools that enable the effective identification of vulnerable areas and emergency prevention planning to improve the technospheric safety of transport infrastructure.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The paper uses scenario analysis, spatio-temporal modeling in the FDS and PyroSim environments, the ALARP concept of acceptable risk, and geoinformation technologies (ArcGIS, QGIS) to make digital vulnerability maps. A comparative analysis was conducted using national and international regulations.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We developed a digital threat model for a transport hub, visualized high-risk areas, and proposed an ALARP priority response system. The findings allow to adapt response action to real infrastructure conditions and assess the early intervention performance.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The presented integrated approach allows for building a dynamic risk management model for the transport system. Integrating threat visualization into existing monitoring systems facilitates timely response and reduces potential damage from emergencies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель.</bold> Описание научно обоснованных методов оценки рисков и средств визуализации угроз, позволяющих эффективно идентифицировать уязвимые зоны и планировать мероприятия по предотвращению чрезвычайных ситуаций для повышения уровня техносферной безопасности транспортной инфраструктуры.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В работе применены методы сценарного анализа, пространственно-временного моделирования в средах FDS и PyroSim, концепция допустимого риска ALARP, а также геоинформационные технологии (ArcGIS, QGIS) для построения цифровых карт уязвимостей. Проведён сравнительный анализ с использованием отечественных и зарубежных нормативных документов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Разработана цифровая модель угроз для транспортного узла, визуализированы зоны повышенного риска, предложена система приоритетного реагирования на основе ALARP. Полученные данные позволяют адаптировать меры реагирования под реальные условия инфраструктуры и оценить эффективность вмешательства на ранних этапах.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Представленный комплексный подход обеспечивает формирование динамической модели управления рисками в транспортной системе. Интеграция визуализации угроз в существующие системы мониторинга способствует своевременному реагированию и снижению потенциального ущерба от чрезвычайных ситуаций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>technosphere safety</kwd><kwd>threat visualization</kwd><kwd>ALARP</kwd><kwd>digital map</kwd><kwd>transport infrastructure</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>техносферная безопасность</kwd><kwd>визуализация угроз</kwd><kwd>ALARP</kwd><kwd>цифровая карта</kwd><kwd>транспортная инфраструктура</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ISO. Risk management – Risk assessment techniques. ISO 31010:2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ISO 31010:2019 «Risk management – Risk assessment techniques».</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NFPA. 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