Russian Journal of PhysiologyRussian Journal of PhysiologyРоссийский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова0869-81392658-655XThe Russian Academy of Sciences65161510.31857/S0869813924070033BEBJKRREVIEWОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИReview ArticlePeculiarities of brain cell functioning during hyperglicemia and diabetes mellitusОсобенности функционирования клеток мозга при гипергликемии и сахарном диабетеMorozovaM. P.МорозоваМ. П.
Russian Federation

Институт физиологии

mormasha@gmail.comSavinkovaI. G.СавинковаИ. Г.
Russian Federation

Институт физиологии

mormasha@gmail.comGorbachevaL. R.ГорбачеваЛ. Р.
Russian Federation

Институт физиологии

mormasha@gmail.comPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. ПироговаLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова1507202411071090110701022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://transsyst.ru/0869-8139/article/view/651615

Hyperglycemia is a symptom and damaging factor of diabetes mellitus (DM) that leads to systemic complications in the body, including macro- and microangiopathies of the brain, impaired blood supply, the appearance of foci of neurodegeneration and might be a trigger of neuroinflammation. Nervous tissue is characterized by a high level of energy consumption and is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the level of metabolic substrates. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the effect of high glucose levels on the functional state of the central nervous system. This review attempts to comprehensively assess the effects of hyperglycemia on brain cells. Analysis of experimental data obtained in in vivo and in vitro models of diabetes on the morphofunctional state of neurons, microglia and astrocytes showed that the direct and indirect effects of glucose in high concentrations depends on the cell type. Receptors and intracellular signaling cascades of astrocytes and microglia, that mediate the effects of hyperglycemia and the development of neuroinflammation, can act as therapeutic targets for the correction for the consequences of diabetes. Thus, finding ways to modulate the functional activity of glial cells may be an effective strategy to reduce the severity of the consequences of CNS damage.

Гипергликемия является симптомом и повреждающим фактором при сахарном диабете (СД), приводящим к системным осложнениям в организме, в том числе к макро- и микроангиопатиям головного мозга, нарушению кровоснабжения, появлению очагов нейродегенерации и запуску нейровоспаления. Нервная ткань характеризуется высоким уровнем потребления энергии и высокочувствительна к колебаниям уровня метаболических субстратов. Таким образом, крайне актуальным является исследование влияния высокого уровня глюкозы на функциональное состояние ЦНС. В обзоре предпринята попытка комплексно оценить последствия гипергликемии для клеток мозга. Анализ экспериментальных данных, полученных в in vivo и in vitro моделях СД, описывающих изменения морфофункционального состояния нейронов, микроглии и астроцитов, показал, что прямое и опосредованное влияние глюкозы в высокой концентрации зависит от типа клеток. Рецепторы и внутриклеточные сигнальные каскады астроцитов и микроглии, опосредующие действие гипергликемии и развитие нейровоспаления, могут выступать в качестве терапевтических мишеней коррекции последствий СД. Поэтому поиск способов модуляции функциональной активности глиальных клеток может оказаться эффективной стратегией для снижения тяжести последствий поражения ЦНС.

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