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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik drevnei istorii</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik drevnei istorii</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник древней истории</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-0391</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">648584</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S032103910025904-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Pages of historiography</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории науки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Stages of Ancient History and the Criteria of Their Definition in Russian and Soviet Scholarship of the 20th and 21st Centuries. Part I</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы периодизации и принципы выделения этапов истории древности в отечественной науке ХХ–XXI веков. Часть 1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ladynin</surname><given-names>Ivan Andreevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ладынин</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State Universit</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">NRU Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИУ ВШЭ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>83</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 83, NO2 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 83, №2 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>421</fpage><lpage>445</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0321-0391/article/view/648584">https://transsyst.ru/0321-0391/article/view/648584</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses the experience of establishing the periods of ancient history and developing its general scheme in Russian and Soviet research of the twentieth century till the 1980s. The development of such schemes was not considered as a specific task in the pre-revolutionary scholarship. In the 1930s–1950s there was an intention to tie the periods established traditionally in scholarship with the stages of the development of slavery; the formation of state at the beginning of antiquity was seen as a result of splitting the society into antagonistic classes, and the end of antiquity was ascribed the nature of a revolution. In the 1950s–1960s the evolution of ancient communities in their various forms was taken as a determining factor for the flow of ancient history and defining its stages; the influence of the ‘revolution of the slaves’ theory was eliminated. In the Late Soviet period the views of Igor Diakonoff on the development and the periodisation of ancient history, which matched well with the schemes developed by historians of ancient Greece and Rome, became particularly important.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В первой части статьи рассматривается опыт выявления этапов в древней истории и построения на этой основе ее сводной периодизации в отечественной науке XX в. вплоть до 1980-х годов. В предреволюционной науке этой задаче, как правило, не придавалось самостоятельного значения. В науке 1930–1950-х годов видно стремление совместить этапы, традиционно выделяемые в древней истории, с этапами в развитии рабовладения. Возникновение государства в начале древности в это время объясняется расколом общества на классы, а окончание древности связывается с «революцией рабов». В 1950–1960-е годы детерминантой исторического процесса древности и критерием выделения его этапов признается эволюция общины; искореняется влияние теории «революции рабов». В позднесоветский период огромное значение приобретают взгляды на ход и периодизацию древней истории И.М. Дьяконова, удачно интегрирующиеся с теоретическими схемами антиковедения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antiquity</kwd><kwd>historical periodisation</kwd><kwd>Ancient East</kwd><kwd>Ancient Greece</kwd><kwd>Rome</kwd><kwd>communities</kwd><kwd>society</kwd><kwd>paths of development</kwd><kwd>Igor Diakonoff</kwd><kwd>Marxism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>древность</kwd><kwd>периодизация</kwd><kwd>Восток</kwd><kwd>античность</kwd><kwd>община</kwd><kwd>социальные отношения</kwd><kwd>пути развития</kwd><kwd>И.М. 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