<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Himičeskaâ fizika</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Himičeskaâ fizika</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Химическая физика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0207-401X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">680951</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0207401X24100048</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions, catalysis</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Кинетика и механизм химических реакций, катализ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">On the mechanisms of heterogeneous recombination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы гетерогенной рекомбинации атомов азота и кислорода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kozlovse@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhestkov</surname><given-names>B. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жестков</surname><given-names>Б. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kozlovse@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Rus. Ac. Sci.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимической физики им. Н.М. Эмануэля Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный аэрогидродинамический институт им. Н.Е. Жуковского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский авиационный институт (Национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-29"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0207-401X/article/view/680951">https://transsyst.ru/0207-401X/article/view/680951</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of heterogeneous recombination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms is considered. An analysis of the processes influencing the results of measurements of the recombination probability was carried out. The work presents the authors’ data on heterogeneous recombination of atoms in the temperature range of 300–3000 K and pressures of 0.01–50 hPa (mbar). The probabilities of heterogeneous recombination of O and N atoms on the surface of quartz were measured using the method of resonance fluorescence spectroscopy (RFS) under strictly controlled conditions at temperatures of 300–1000 K and pressures of 0.01–10 hPa in IBHF reactors. The pressure and temperature regions where recombination occurs predominantly according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood or Rydil-Ely scheme have been determined. In experiments at the VAT-104 TsAGI installation in the temperature range of 1000–3000 K and pressures of 5–50 hPa, the effective values of the rate constant of joint heterogeneous recombination <italic>K<sub>w</sub></italic> of nitrogen and oxygen atoms were determined using measurements of specific heat flows. Coatings with a surface layer similar in composition to quartz and a number of high-temperature ceramics based on hafnium (zirconium) borides were studied. Studies of ceramics have shown that heterogeneous recombination also occurs at temperatures of 2500–3000 K. A new mechanism of heterogeneous recombination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms is considered. Under the influence of a high-speed plasma flow, the ceramics are oxidized and a layer of hafnium (zirconium) oxide polycrystals is formed. The observed jump in temperature by ≈1000 K and heat flux up to 4–5 times is caused by the catalytic activity of the tetragonal and cubic phases of HfO<sub>2</sub> (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) polycrystals. The high catalytic activity of the oxide layer is apparently explained by a new recombination mechanism associated with the incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen atoms into the crystal lattice (formation of a solid solution).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрена проблема гетерогенной рекомбинации атомов азота и кислорода. Проведен анализ процессов, влияющих на результаты измерений вероятности рекомбинации. В работе представлены данные авторов по гетерогенной рекомбинации атомов в диапазонах температур 300–3000 К и давлений 0.01–50 гПа. Вероятности гетерогенной рекомбинации атомов О и N на поверхности кварца измерены с помощью метода резонансно-флуоресцентной спектроскопии в строго контролируемых условиях при температурах 300–1000 К и давлениях 0.01–10 гПа в реакторах ИБХФ. Определены области давлений и температур, где рекомбинация происходит преимущественно по схеме Ленгмюра–Хиншельвуда или Райдила–Или. В экспериментах на установке ВАТ-104 ЦАГИ в диапазонах температур 1000–3000 К и давлений 5–50 гПа определены эффективные значения константы скорости совместной гетерогенной рекомбинации, <italic>K<sub>w</sub></italic>, атомов азота и кислорода с помощью измерений удельных тепловых потоков. Исследовались покрытия с поверхностным слоем, близким по составу к кварцу, и ряд высокотемпературных керамик на базе боридов гафния (циркония). При этом показано, что гетерогенная рекомбинация имеет место и при температурах 2500–3000 К. Рассмотрен новый механизм гетерогенной рекомбинации атомов азота и кислорода. Под воздействием высокоскоростного потока плазмы керамика окисляется и образуется слой поликристаллов оксида гафния (циркония). Наблюдающийся скачок температуры при ≈1000 К и теплового потока до 4–5 раз вызван каталитической активностью тетрагональной и кубической фаз поликристаллов HfO<sub>2</sub> (ZrO<sub>2</sub>). Высокая каталитическая активность оксидного слоя, по-видимому, объясняется новым механизмом рекомбинации, связанным с встраиванием атомов азота и кислорода в кристаллическую решетку (образованием твердого раствора).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heterogeneous recombination of atoms</kwd><kwd>resonance fluorescence spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>quartz reactor</kwd><kwd>recombination probability</kwd><kwd>catalysis center</kwd><kwd>rate constant Kw</kwd><kwd>incorporation of atoms into the crystal lattice</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гетерогенная рекомбинация атомов</kwd><kwd>резонансно-флуоресцентная спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>кварцевый реактор</kwd><kwd>вероятность рекомбинации</kwd><kwd>центр катализа</kwd><kwd>константа скорости Kw</kwd><kwd>встраивание атомов</kwd><kwd>кристаллическая решетка</kwd><kwd>твердый раствор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-19-00352</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O.V. Krylov, Heterogeneous Catalysis (Akademkniga, Moscow, 2004) [in Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крылов О.В. Гетерогенный катализ. М.: ИКЦ “Академкнига”, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V.L. Kovalev, Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes in Aerothermodynamics (Fizmatlit, Moscow, 2002) [in Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалев В.Л. Гетерогенные каталитические процессы в аэротермодинамике. М.: Физматлит, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E.N. Aleksandrov, B.E. Zhestkov, and S.N. Kozlov // High Temp. 52, 41 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X13060023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров Е.Н., Жестков Б.Е., Козлов С.Н. // Теплофизика высоких температур. 2014. Т. 52. № 1. С. 41; https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364413060021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E. Zhestkov, S.N. Kozlov, and E.N. Alexandrov, High Temp. 57, 329 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X1903019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е., Козлов С.Н., Александров Е.Н. // Теплофизика высоких температур. 2019. Т. 57. № 3. С. 361; https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040364419030219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S.N. Kozlov, B.E. Zhestkov. // Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B. 16 (6) 1030 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793122060069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов С.Н., Жестков Б.Е. // Хим. физика. 2022. Т. 41. № 11. С. 1; https://doi.org/10.31857/S0207401X22110061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N.V.Kholodkova and I.V. Kholodkov // Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Khim. Tekhnol. 57 (2), 3 (2014).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холодкова Н.В., Холодков И.В. // Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2014. Т. 57. Вып. 2. С. 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E.N. Alexandrov, I.V. Egorov, B.E. Zhestkov, S.N. Kozlov, S.V. Rusakov. Recombination of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms on Thermoprotective Materials // In book «Results of fundamental investigations in applied tasks of aircraft creating», M.: «Nauka» 2016. P. 150 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров Е.Н., Егоров И.В., Жестков Б.Е, Козлов С.Н.,. Русаков С.В. // Сб. “Результаты фундаментальных исследований в прикладных задачах авиастроения”. М.: “Наука”, 2016. С. 150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E. Zhestkov, V.V. Shtapov // Plant laboratory. 82 (12) 58 (2016). (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е., Штапов В.В. // Завод. лаб. 2016. Т. 82. № 12. С. 58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E. Zhestkov, V.S. Teren’eva. Multifunctional coating MAI D5 intended for the protection of refractory materials // Russian metallurgy (Metally). Vol. 1. P. 33 (2010).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е., Терентьева В.С. // Металлы. 2010. № 1. С. 39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.N. Astapov, B.E. Zhestkov, I.P. Lifanov, V.S. Terentieva. The performance of heat-resistant heterophase silicide coatings in hypersonic air-plasma flows // International Conference on High-Speed Vehicle Science &amp; Technology. Moskow: TsAGI, 2018. Report 2990962 pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Astapov A.N., Zhestkov B.E., Lifanov I.P., Terentieva V.S. // International Conf. on High-Speed Vehicle Science &amp; Technology. Moskow: TsAGI, 2018. Report 2990962 pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.N. Astapov, B.E. Zhestkov, Yu.S. Pogozhev, et al. The oxidation resistance of the heterophase ZrSi2-MoSi2-ZrB2 powders-derived coatings // Corrosion Science 189. P.1. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109587</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Astapov A.N., Zhestkov B.E., Pogozhev Yu.S., et al. // Corrosion Sci. 2021. V. 189. P. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109587</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexey N. Astapov, Boris E. Zhestkov, Ivan P. Lifanov, et al. Erosion-Resistant Enhancement of Anti-oxidation Coatings in Hypersonic Flows of Air Plasma // Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering. Dynamics, 53 (6), 762. (2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Astapov A.N., Zhestkov B.E., Lifanov I.P. et al. // Arabian J. Sci. Engin. 2019. V. 53. № 6. P. 762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Vaganov, B.E Zhestkov, Yu.B. Lyamin, et al. Methodology of investigation of ultrahigh temperature ceramics thermochemical stability and catalycity // ICMAR Perm: 2016, AIP Conference Proceedings 1770, 030097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaganov A.V., Zhestkov B.E., Lyamin Yu.B., Poilov V.Z., Pryamilova E.N. // AIP Conf. Proc. N.Y.: AIP Publishing, 2016. 1770, 030097. doi:10.1063/1.4964039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E.N. Kablov, B.E. Zhestkov, D.V. Grashchenkov, O.Yu. Sorokin, Yu.E. Lebedeva, and M.L. Vaganova, High Temp. 55, 873 (2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каблов Е.Н., Жестков Б.Е., Гращенков Д.В. и др. // Теплофизика высоких температур. 2017. Т. 55. № 6. С. 704. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364417060059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E. Zhestkov, M.L.Vaganova, Ju.E. Lebedeva, et al. // High Temperature. 56 (6), 857 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0018151X18030215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е., Ваганова М.Л., Лебедева Ю.Е., Сорокин О.Ю., Медведев П.Н. // Теплофизика высоких температур 2018. Т. 56. № 3. С. 395. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0040364418030109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Vaganov, B.E. Zhestkov, I.V. Sakharov, I.V. Senyuev, et al. Investigation technique of Nonequilibrium Heat Exchange and Catalytic Properties of High-Temperature Materials // International Conference on High-Speed Vehicle Science &amp; Technology. Moskow: TsAGI, 2018. Report 38601093 pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaganov A.V., Zhestkov B.E., Sakharov I.V., Senyuev I.V. et al. // Proc. Intern. Conf. on High-Speed Vehicle Science &amp; Technology. Moskow: TsAGI, 2018. Report 38601093.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V.I. Sakharov, I.V. Senyuev, B.E. Zhestkov. Numerical and experimental study of catalytic activity of super high-temperature ceramics // Physical-Chemical Kinetics in Gas Dynamics. V. 20. No. 2 (2019). https://doi.org/10.33257/PhChGD.20.2.819</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakharov V.I., Senyuev I. V., Zhestkov B.E. // Phys.-Chem. Kinet. Gas Dynamics. 2019. V. 20. № 2. P. 1; https://doi.org/10.33257/PhChGD.20.2.819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S.N. Kozlov, E.N. Aleksandrov, B.E. Zhestkov, and M.U. Kislyuk, Russ. Chem. Bull. 36, 2272 (1987).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов С.Н., Александров Е.Н., Жестков Б.Е., Кислюк М.У. // Изв. АН СССР. Сер. хим. 1987. № 11. С. 2449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E Zhestkov. // TsAGI Science J. Vol. 45. P. 781 (2014).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е. // Уч. зап. ЦАГИ. 2014. Т. XLV. № 5. С. 62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V.E. Mosharov, V.N. Radchenko, I.V. Senyuev. Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 56 P. 491 (2013).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мошаров В.Е., Радченко В.Н., Сенюев И.В. // ПТЭ. 2013. № 4. С. 132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I.V. Senyuev, TsAGI Science Journal. 48. (2), 173 (2017).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сенюев И.В. // Уч. зап. ЦАГИ. 2017. Т. XLVIII. № 2. С. 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B.E. Zhestkov, S.M. Pokhvalinskij, I.V. Senyuev, V.V. Shtapov. Method for determining heat flux: Invention 2752396 RU // Bull. № 21, (2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жестков Б.Е. Сенюев И.В., Похвалинский С.М., Штапов В.В. Способ определения теплового потока. Патент RU 2752396 // Б.И. 2021. № 21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V.A. Bashkin, I.V. Egorov, B.E. Zhestkov, V.V. Shvedchenko, High Temp. 46 (5), 705 (2008).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Башкин В.А., Егоров И.В., Жестков Б.Е., Шведченко В.В. // Теплофизика высоких температур. 2008. Т. 46. № 5. С. 771.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I.V. Egorov, B.E Zhestkov, V.V. Shvedchenko, TsAGI Science Journal. 45 (1), 3 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1615/TsAGI Sci J 2014011332</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров И.В., Жестков Б.Е., Шведченко В.В. // Уч. зап. ЦАГИ. 2014. Т. XLV. № 1. С. 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.V. Vaganov, B.E. Zhestkov, I.V. Senyuev, Method for determining the catalytic activity of materials and coatings: Invention RU 2 792 255 // Bull. № 9 (2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ваганов А.В., Жестков Б.Е., Сенюев И.В. Способ определения каталитической активности материалов и покрытий. Патент RU 2792255 // Б. И. 2023. № 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N.M. Kyznetsov, C.N. Kozlov // Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B. 13. (3) 464 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793119030072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов Н.М, Козлов С.Н. // Хим. физика. 2019. Т. 38. № 5. С. 29; doi: 10.1134/S1990793119030072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C.N. Kozlov // Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B. 14. (4) 636 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793120040193</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов С.Н. // Хим. физика. 2020. Т. 39. № 8. С. 40; https://doi.org/10.31857/S0207401X20080075.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C.N. Kozlov, A.M. Tereza, S.P. Medvedev, // Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B. 15. (4) 659 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793121040205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов С.Н., Тереза А.М., Медведев С.П. // Хим. физика. 2021. Т. 40. № 8. С. 34. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0207401X21080070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
