Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and PhysiologyJournal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and PhysiologyЖурнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии0044-45293034-5529The Russian Academy of Sciences69705310.7868/S3034552925040019REVIEWSОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleEvolutionary aspects of the neurophysiological role of tyramine and octopamineЭволюционные аспекты нейрофизиологической роли тирамина и октопаминаMalomouzhA. I.МаломужА. И.NevskyE. S.НевскийЕ. С.nevskywissen@gmail.comKazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of RAS”Казанский институт биохимии и биофизики ФИЦ Казанский научный центр РАНKazan National Research Technical UniversityКазанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева — КАИKazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityКазанский федеральный университет15082025614VOL 61, NO4 (2025)ТОМ 61, №4 (2025)21122526112025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://transsyst.ru/0044-4529/article/view/697053

Currently, such biologically active substances of endogenous nature as tyramine and octopamine are classified as trace amines, which is associated with their relatively low concentration in tissues. However, this is true to a greater extent with respect to higher vertebrates, in which these amines play a wide range of physiological functions, including modulatory effects in the nervous system by activating their own receptors for trace amines. In invertebrates, the level of these amines is higher, and they act in the nervous system not so much as modulators, but as neurotransmitters activating receptors of a different nature. This review analyzes experimental data on the neurophysiological role of tyramine and octopamine in the body of invertebrates and vertebrates, demonstrating similarities and differences in both the functions and the receptors mediating these functions. A certain emphasis is placed on data indicating a close relationship between signaling mediated by trace amines and the sympathetic division of the nervous system in higher vertebrates. Based on this, the idea is formed that in the process of evolution the noradrenergic signaling system could take over the role of tyramine and octopamine signaling. However, this idea is still debated, and the signaling role of tyramine and octopamine in the nervous system of higher vertebrates remains significant and continues to be actively studied. Interest in this is due to the fact that it is in vertebrates that the amines in question “acquired” both a new spectrum of physiological functions and a new set of receptor proteins for their implementation in the process of evolution. These proteins, as it turned out, can act as potential targets for the treatment of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders.

В настоящее время такие биологически активные вещества эндогенной природы, как тирамин и октопамин, относят к группе следовых аминов, что связано с их относительно невысокой концентрацией в тканях. Однако это справедливо в большей мере в отношении высших позвоночных, у которых данные амины играют широкий спектр физиологических функций, включая модуляторные влияния в нервной системе посредством активации собственных рецепторов к следовым аминам. У беспозвоночных животных уровень этих аминов выше, и они выступают в нервной системе не столько как модуляторы, сколько как нейромедиаторы, активирующие рецепторы иной природы. В настоящем обзоре проведен анализ экспериментальных данных о нейрофизиологической роли тирамина и октопамина в организме беспозвоночных и позвоночных, демонстрирующий сходства и различия как функций, так и рецепторов, опосредующих эти функции. Определенный акцент сделан на данных, свидетельствующих о тесной взаимосвязи сигнализации, опосредованной следовыми аминами, с симпатическим отделом нервной системы у высших позвоночных. На основе этого формируется представление о том, что в процессе эволюции норадренергическая сигнальная система могла перенять на себя роль тираминовой и октопаминовой сигнализации. Однако это представление все еще дискутируется, а сигнальная роль тирамина и октопамина в нервной системе высших позвоночных остается значимой и продолжает активно изучаться. Интерес к этому обусловлен тем, что именно у позвоночных рассматриваемые амины в процессе эволюции “приобрели” как новый спектр физиологических функций, так и новый набор рецепторных белков для их реализации. Эти белки, как оказалось, могут выступать в роли потенциальных мишеней для лечения ряда нервно-психических расстройств.

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