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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">682195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675825040016</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UBPYJN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Actinobacteria of the genus <italic>Streptomyces</italic> – a reservoir of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Актинобактерии рода <italic>Streptomyces</italic> – резервуар генов аминогликозидацетилтрансфераз</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Alekseevamg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ratkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ратькин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Alekseevamg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galanova</surname><given-names>O. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галанова</surname><given-names>О. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Alekseevamg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Alekseevamg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/682195">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/682195</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The lack of success in combating the spread of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria forces the scientific community to analyze at a new level of knowledge the mechanisms, routes of spread and natural reservoirs containing bacteria that carry antibiotic resistance genes. The classical mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics (AG) is the modification of AG by enzymes, the most common and clinically significant of which are aminoglycoside acetyltransferases (AAC). In this study, genes encoding enzymes belonging to the AAC(2'), AAC(3), AAC(6') and Eis subfamilies were identified in the sequenced genomes of <italic>Streptomyces</italic> strains producing AG. Comparative analysis of amino acid sequences showed that the closest homologues for the identified AAC are acetyltransferases from other species of actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces that do not produce AG (producers of other classes of antibiotics or not producing antibiotics). Comparative phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences showed that the enzymes AAC(2′) and Eis are homologues of the acetyltransferases AAC(2′)-I and Eis, previously identified in mycobacteria. The possible role of Eis acetyltransferases in the acetylation of various substrates upon entry into the human body through vesicles containing them is discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Отсутствие успехов в борьбе с распространением множественной лекарственной устойчивости у патогенных бактерий заставляет научное сообщество на новом уровне знаний анализировать механизмы, пути распространения и природные резервуары, содержащие бактерии, которые являются носителями генов устойчивости к антибиотикам. Классическим механизмом устойчивости к аминогликозидным антибиотикам (АГ) является модификация АГ ферментами, наиболее распространенными и клинически значимыми из них являются аминогликозидацетилтрансферазы (ААС). В рамках данного исследования в секвенированных геномах штаммов <italic>Streptomyces</italic> – продуцентов АГ, выявлены гены, кодирующие ферменты, относящиеся к подсемействам AAC(2'), AAC(3), AAC(6') и Eis. Сравнительный анализ аминокислотных последовательностей показал, что ближайшими гомологами для выявленных ААС являются ацетилтрансферазы других видов актинобактерий рода <italic>Streptomyces</italic>, не продуцирующих АГ (продуцентов других классов антибиотиков или не являющихся продуцентами антибиотиков). Сравнительный филогенетический анализ аминокислотных последовательностей показал, что ферменты AAC(2′) и Eis являются гомологами ацетилтрансфераз AAC(2′)-I и Eis, идентифицированных ранее у микобактерий. Обсуждается возможная роль ацетилтрансфераз Eis в ацетилировании различных субстратов при попадании в организм человека через содержащие их везикулы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces</kwd><kwd>reservoir of resistance genes</kwd><kwd>producers of aminoglycosides</kwd><kwd>aminoglycoside acetyltransferases (AAS)</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>Eis proteins (Enhanced intracellular survival)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>актинобактерии рода Streptomyces</kwd><kwd>резервуар генов устойчивости</kwd><kwd>продуценты аминогликозидов</kwd><kwd>аминогликозидацетилтрансферазы (ААС)</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>белки Eis (повышающие внутриклеточную выживаемость)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>0092-2022-003</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Serio A.W., Keepers T., Andrews L. et al. 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