Russian Journal of GeneticsRussian Journal of GeneticsГенетика0016-67583034-5103The Russian Academy of Sciences66725810.31857/S0016675824050014CJSNUWОБЗОРНЫЕ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleLocalization of Genetic Factors that Determine the Economically-Useful Traits of the PEAR (Pyrus) and Methods of Marker-Assisted SelectionЛокализация генетических факторов, обусловливающих хозяйственно полезные признаки груши (Pyrus) и методики маркер-вспомогательной селекцииPavlenkoA. A.ПавленкоА. А.
Russian Federation
pavlenko@orel.vniispk.ruPikunovaA. V.ПикуноваА. В.
Russian Federation
pavlenko@orel.vniispk.ruRussian Research Institute of Fruit Crop BreedingВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт селекции плодовых культур1505202460532526022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667258

DNA markers are an alternative method for accelerated identification of interested genes and loci at the early stages of ontogenesis, and, consequently, DNA markers are able to intensify the breeding process. This article represents overview of research on the localization of economically useful traits in the pear genome and the development and use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) techniques. At the moment, several traits have been localized in the pear genome, i.e.: resistance to scab European (V. pirina Aderh) and Asian (V. nashicola), black spot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler), brown spot (Stemphylium vesicarium), fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri), pear sawfly (Caliroa cerasi), pear blister mite (Eriophyes pyri), self-incompatibility, dwarf trait. Major genes and loci of quantitative traits (QTLs) of fruits characteristics have also been identified, namely: skin color and rustiness of the fruit, size and weight of the fruit, taste, level of ethylene production, harvest time etc. It should be noted that currently Russian research is limited to the validation and use of MAS methods developed abroad. According to the experience of Japanese scientists, the use of MAS for several key traits has made it possible to triple the efficiency of the breeding process. Despite the currently limited list of MBC methods for pears, the high speed of genomic technologies development promises rapid development of new MAS methods in the future. In combination with new breeding technologies (New Breeding Techniques) based on accelerated flowering, the use of MAS for pears is a promising direction of breeding.

ДНК-маркеры являются альтернативным классическому отбору гибридов ускоренным методом выявления генов и локусов значимых для селекции признаков на ранних этапах онтогенеза, а следовательно, методом интенсификации селекционного процесса. В настоящей статье приведены исследования, посвященные локализации хозяйственно полезных признаков в геноме груши, разработке и использованию методик маркер-вспомогательной селекции (МВС). На данный момент в геноме груши локализован ряд генетических факторов: устойчивость к болезням и вредителям, а именно устойчивость к парше европейской (V. pirina Aderh) и азиатской (V. nashicola), к черной пятнистости (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler) и бурой пятнистости (Stemphylium vesicarium), бактериальному ожогу (Erwinia amylovora), грушевой медянице (Cacopsylla pyri), грушевому пилильщику (Caliroa cerasi), грушевому пузырчатому клещу (Eriophyes pyri), локус самонесовместимости, ген карликовости. Также определены основные (major) гены и локусы количественных признаков (QTLs) качественных характеристик плодов, а именно: цвет кожицы и оржавленность плода, размер и масса плодов, вкусовые качества, уровень производства этилена, сроки сбора плодов. Следует отметить, что отечественные работы ограничены валидацией и использованием разработанных за рубежом методик МВС. По опыту японских ученых, использование МВС на несколько ключевых признаков позволило значительно повысить эффективность селекционного процесса. Несмотря на ограниченный на данный момент перечень методик МВС для груши, высокий темп изучения геномов гарантирует достаточно быструю разработку новых методик в будущем. В сочетании с новыми технологиями селекции (New Breeding Technics) применение МВС для груши является перспективным направлением селекции.

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