<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675824070034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BIIKDR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic structure of wolf populations in North Eurasia: the effect of exclusion of closely related individuals from analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическая структура популяций волка Северной Евразии: оценка влияния исключения из анализа родственных особей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazimirov</surname><given-names>P. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казимиров</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokon</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоконь</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokon</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоконь</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarev</surname><given-names>A. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондарев</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыдов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Е. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leontyev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонтьев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><email>farenklaw@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Politov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Политов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dmitri_p@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute for Environmental Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт охраны окружающей среды</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Altai State Agricultural University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Алтайский государственный аграрный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal center of development of the hunting economy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-исследовательский центр развития охотничьего хозяйства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт естественных наук Северо-Восточного федерального университета им. М.К. Аммосова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Limited Liability Partnership “National Center of Biotechnology”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ТОО “Национальный центр биотехнологии”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667228">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667228</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>We describe the results of analysis of genetic structure and spatial autocorrelation in the populations of grey wolf (<italic>Canis lupus </italic>Linnaeus, 1758) on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, based on 20 autosomal microsatellite markers. With the use of molecular markers, we uncovered hidden genealogical patterns reaching as far as 700–1600 km and having the most pronounced effect on distances up to 150 km. Our research has shown that identification and exclusion of closely related genotypes has limited effect on the results of analysis of intrapopulation genetic diversity. Meanwhile, such procedure is recommended for researching population structure, as it allows for streamlining some statistical approaches. Results of our work demonstrate integral effect of natal migration, working against the differentiation effect of philopatry. Finally, we also show that the exclusion of closely related individuals can lead to underestimation of values of genetic distances between populations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>По данным о полиморфизме 20 аутосомных микросателлитных локусов проведен анализ генетической структуры популяции и пространственной автокорреляции у волка, <italic>Canis lupus </italic>Linnaeus, 1758, Северной Евразии (территории Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан). С помощью молекулярных маркеров выявлены скрытые генеалогические паттерны на различных дистанциях, наиболее сильно проявляющиеся на географических дистанциях до 150 км, но прослеживающиеся и на более широком пространственном масштабе (до 700–1600 км). Показано, что выявление и исключение родственных генотипов несущественно влияет на внутрипопуляционные оценки генетического разнообразия. Однако данная процедура рекомендуется для более адекватной оценки популяционно-генетической структуры, позволяя оптимизировать ряд статистических процедур. Полученные данные, таким образом, демонстрируют интегрирующий эффект натальной миграции, действующей против дифференцирующего влияния филопатрии. Кроме того, мы продемонстрировали, что исключение подобных особей из выборок после анализа родства может приводить к снижению генетических дистанций между выборками.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>wolf</kwd><kwd>microsatellites</kwd><kwd>genetic relatedness</kwd><kwd>relatedness estimator</kwd><kwd>spatial autocorrelation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волк</kwd><kwd>микросателлиты</kwd><kwd>генетическое родство</kwd><kwd>коэффициент родства</kwd><kwd>пространственная автокорреляция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-24-00635</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mech L.D., Boitani L. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Chicago: ‎Univ. Chicago Press, 2006. 472 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Бибиков Д.И. Волк. Происхождение, систематика, морфология, экология. М.: Наука, 1985. 608 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Mysłajek R.W., Tracz M., Tracz M. et al. Spatial organization in wolves Canis lupus recolonizing north-west Poland: Large territories at low population density // Mamm. Biol. 2018. V. 92. P. 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2018.01.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Åkesson M., Liberg O., Sand H. et al. Genetic rescue in a severely inbred wolf population // Mol. Ecol. 2016. V. 25. № 19. P. 4745–4756. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13797</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Caniglia R., Fabbri E., Galaverni M. et al. Noninvasive sampling and genetic variability, pack structure, and dynamics in an expanding wolf population // J. Mamm. 2014. V. 95. № 1. P. 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Randall D.A., Pollinger J.P., Argaw K. et al. Fine-scale genetic structure in Ethiopian wolves imposed by sociality, migration, and population bottlenecks // Cons. Genet. 2010. V. 11. № 1. P. 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-0005-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Szewczyk M., Nowak S., Niedźwiecka N. et al. Dynamic range expansion leads to establishment of a new, genetically distinct wolf population in Central Europe // Sci. Rep. 2019. V. 9. № 1. P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55273-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pilot M., Dabrowski M.J., Hayrapetyan V. et al. Genetic variability of the grey wolf Canis lupus in the Caucasus in comparison with Europe and the Middle East: distinct or intermediary population? // PLoS One. 2014. V. 9. № 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093828</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Казимиров П.А., Леонтьев С.В., Нечаева А.В. и др. Популяционно-генетическая структура степного волка России и Казахстана по микросателлитным локусам // Генетика. 2022. Т. 58. № 11. С. 1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016675822110042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Toonen R.J., Hughes S. Increased throughput for fragment analysis on ABI Prism 377 automated sequencer using a membrane comb and STRand software // Biotechniques. 2001 V. 31 P. 1320–1324. http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/STRand</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kamvar Z.N., Brooks J.C., Grünwald N.J. Novel R tools for analysis of genome-wide population genetic data with emphasis on clonality // Front. Genet. 2015. V. 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00208</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Kamvar Z.N., Tabima J.F., Grünwald N.J. Poppr: An R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction // PeerJ. 2014. V. 2. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.281</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2022. Available online at https://www.R-project.org/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Clark L.V., Drauch Schreier A. Resolving microsatellite genotype ambiguity in populations of allopolyploid and diploidized autopolyploid organisms using negative correlations between allelic variables // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2017. V. 17. № 5. P. 1090–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12639</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Clark L.V., Jasieniuk M. Polysat: An R package for polyploid microsatellite analysis // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2011. V. 11. № 3. P. 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.02985.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Paradis E. pegas: An R package for population genetics with an integrated–modular approach // Bioinformatics. 2010. V. 26. P. 419–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Adamack A.T., Gruber B. PopGenReport: Simplifying basic population genetic analyses in R // Meth. Ecol. Evol. 2014. V. 5(4). 384–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12158</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Gruber B., Adamack A.T. Landgenreport: A new R function to simplify landscape genetic analysis using resistance surface layers // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2015. V 15(5). 1172–1178. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12381</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Peakall R., Smouse P.E. GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research // Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2006. V. 6. № 1. P. 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Peakall R., Smouse P.E. GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update // Bioinformatics. 2012. V. 28. № 19. P. 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Pew J., Wang J., Muir P., Frasier T. Related: an R package for analyzing pairwise relatedness data based on codominant molecular markers // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2015. V. 15. P. 557–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12323</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Grolemund G., Wickham H. Dates and times made easy with lubridate // J. Stat. Software. 2011. V. 40. № 3. P. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v040.i03</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kassambara A. rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests // 2023. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rstatix/index.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>StatSoft, Inc. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 8. 2007. www.statsoft.com</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Fong Y., Huang Y., Gilbert P., Permar S. chngpt: Threshold regression model estimation and inference // BMC Bioinformatics. 2017. V. 18. № 454. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1863-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Zeileis A., Hothorn T. Diagnostic checking in regression relationships // R News. 2002. V. 2. № 3. P. 7–10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Falush D., Stephens M., Pritchard J.K. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies // Genetics. 2003. V. 16. № 4. P. 1567–1587. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Hubisz M.J., Falush D., Stephens M., Pri Tchard J. K. Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2009. № 9. P. 1322–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02591.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Pritchard J.K., Stephens M., Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data // Genetics. 2000. V. 155. № 2. P. 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Francis R.M. pophelper: An R package and web app to analyse and visualize population structure // Mol. Ecol. Res. 2017 V. 17. P. 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12509</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Evanno G., Regnaut S., Goudet J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: A simulation study // Mol. Ecol. 2005. V. 14. № 8. P. 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Wang J. An estimator for pairwise relatedness using molecular markers // Genetics. 2002. V. 160. № 3. P. 1203–1215. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.1203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Li C.C., Weeks D.E., Chakravarti A. Similarity of DNA fingerprints due to chance and relatedness // Human Heredity. 1993. V. 43. № 1. P. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000154113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Queller D.C., Goodnight K.F. Estimating relatedness using genetic markers // Evolution. 1989. V. 43. № 2. P. 258–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/2409206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Lynch M., Ritland K. Estimation of pairwise relatedness with molecular markers // Genetics. 1999. V. 152. № 4. P. 1753–1766. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.4.1753</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Ellegren H. Inbreeding and relatedness in Scandinavian grey wolves Canis lupus // Hereditas. 1999. V. 130. № 3. P. 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00239.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Liberg O., Andren H., Pedersen H.C. et al. Severe inbreeding depression in a wild wolf (Canis lupus) population // Biol. Letters. 2005. V. 1. № 1. P. 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0266</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Fredrickson R.J., Siminski P., Woolf M., Hedrick P.W. Genetic rescue and inbreeding depression in Mexican wolves // Proc. Royal Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 2007. V. 274. № 1623. P. 2365–2371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0785</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Korablev M.P., Korablev N.P., Korablev P.N. Genetic diversity and population structure of the grey wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) and evidence of wolf× dog hybridisation in the centre of European Russia // Mamm. Biology. 2020. P. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00074-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Hindrikson M., Remm J., Pilot M. et al. Wolf population genetics in Europe: A systematic review, meta-analysis and suggestions for conservation and management // Biol. Reviews. 2017. V. 92. № 3. P. 1601–1629. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12298</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Gompper M.E., Wayne R.K. Genetic relatedness among individuals within carnivore societies // Carnivore Behavior, Ecol. and Evol. V. 2. Ithaca and London: Cornell Univ. Press, 1996. P. 429–452. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501745829-020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Jędrzejewski W., Branicki W., Veit C. et al. Genetic diversity and relatedness within packs in an intensely hunted population of wolves Canis lupus // Acta Theriologica. 2005. V. 50. № 1. P. 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03192614</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Кочетков В.В. Филопатрия и дисперсия в популяции волка (Canis lupus L.) // Сиб. экол. журн. 2015. Т. 22. № 3. С. 388–397. https://doi.org/10.15372/SEJ20150306</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
