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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667221</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675824080092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">bfkigs</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Similarity of Human Mitochondrial DNA Nucleotide Substitution Spectra Reconstructed Over One and Many Generations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сходство спектров нуклеотидных замен митохондриальной ДНК человека, реконструированных через одно и многие поколения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyarchuk</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малярчук</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>malyarchuk@ibpn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологических проблем Севера Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667221">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667221</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Using phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial whole genome nucleotide sequences (mtDNA), allowing the study of genetic changes over many generations, a spectrum of nucleotide substitutions (along the L-strand of mtDNA) was reconstructed in European populations. The spectra of mtDNA nucleotide substitutions observed in a heteroplasmic state (at ≥1% and ≥5% levels) in first generation children were also analyzed. It was found that the spectra of nucleotide substitutions reconstructed over one and many generations do not differ practically in the main parameters: the distribution of pyrimidine and purine substitutions (with predominance of transitions T&gt;C), the ratio of the number of transitions and transversions. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplotypes in Europeans clearly revealed the influence of negative (purifying) selection on mitochondrial gene pools. It is suggested that the selective processes guiding the mtDNA evolution in one and many generations are of a similar nature, i.e., caused by negative selection. The problem of how mutations occur and spread in mitochondria of germ line cells is discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С помощью филогенетического анализа нуклеотидных последовательностей целых митохондриальных геномов (мтДНК), позволяющего исследовать генетические изменения на протяжении многих поколений, реконструирован спектр нуклеотидных замен (по L-цепи мтДНК) в популяциях Европы. Также проанализированы спектры нуклеотидных замен мтДНК, наблюдаемых в состоянии гетероплазмии (на уровне ≥ 1% и ≥ 5%) у детей первого поколения. Обнаружено, что спектры нуклеотидных замен, реконструированных через одно и многие поколения, практически не различаются по основным параметрам: по распределению пиримидиновых и пуриновых замен (с преобладанием транзиций T&gt;C), соотношению числа транзиций и трансверсий. Анализ филогенетического дерева гаплотипов мтДНК у европейцев отчетливо выявил влияние отрицательного (очищающего) отбора на митохондриальный генофонд. Предполагается, что селективные процессы, направляющие эволюцию мтДНК в одном и многих поколениях, имеют сходный характер, то есть обусловлены отрицательным отбором. Обсуждается проблема появления и распространения мутаций в митохондриях клеток зародышевой линии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mitochondrial genome</kwd><kwd>nucleotide substitutions</kwd><kwd>heteroplasmy</kwd><kwd>human populations</kwd><kwd>germ line</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>митохондриальный геном</kwd><kwd>нуклеотидные замены</kwd><kwd>гетероплазмия</kwd><kwd>популяции человека</kwd><kwd>зародышевая линия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Giles R.E., Blanc H., Cann H.M., Wallace D.C. Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1980. V. 77. 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