<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667197</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675824090043</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">aeqrlc</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Novel <italic>ToxA</italic> Insertion Element in <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новый инсерционный элемент в гене <italic> гриба <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic></italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мироненко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nina2601mir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orina</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орина</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nina2601mir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nina2601mir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667197">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667197</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> is the causative agent of tan spot in wheat. Among the necrotrophic effectors produced by the fungus, the most studied is the necrosis-inducing protein toxin Ptr ToxA, encoded by the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene. Previously, we identified 10 strains of <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> from Kazakhstan and Russia, the amplified fragment of which with <italic>ToxA</italic>-specific primers turned out to be larger than expected. Sequencing of these fragments of three <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains revealed the presence of a 170 bp insertion element PtrHp2 located in exon 2 of the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene. The PtrHp2 sequence includes three pairs of mutually complementary regions of 16, 8 and 6 bp in length, forming a hairpin-type secondary structure. The inability of <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains possessing PtrHp2 in the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene to cause necrosis on the leaves of cv. Glenlea, which differentiates the presence of Ptr ToxA in the pathogen has been established. This fact indicates a violation of the expression of the mutant <italic>ToxA </italic>gene. However, the mutant <italic>ToxA</italic> gene with PtrHp2 is retained in 45% of the fungal mitotic progeny. The fragments homologous to the PtrHp2 are found in non-coding parts of <italic>ToxB</italic> gene and its homologues in <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains, as well as in the genomes of other fungi. This observation indicates the transposon nature of PtrHp2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Аскомицетный гриб<italic> Pyrenophora tritici-repentis </italic>является возбудителем желтой пятнистости листьев пшеницы. Среди некротрофных эффекторов, которые продуцирует гриб, наиболее изучен некроз-индуцирующий белковый токсин Ptr ToxА, кодируемый геном <italic>ToxА. </italic>Ранее нами были выявлены десять штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> из Казахстана и России с геном <italic>ToxA,</italic> амплифицированный фрагмент которого со специфичными для <italic>ToxА</italic> праймерами оказался большего размера, чем ожидалось. Секвенирование последовательности этого фрагмента у трех штаммов гриба выявило присутствие инсерционного элемента PtrHp2 размером 170 пн, локализованного в экзоне 2 гена <italic>ToxА.</italic> Последовательность PtrHp2 включает три пары взаимно комплементарных участков длиной 16, 8 и 6 пн, формирующих вторичную структуру типа «шпильки». Установлена неспособность штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis, </italic>обладающих инсерцией в гене <italic>ToxA</italic>, вызывать некроз на листьях сорта Glenlea, дифференцирующего наличие Ptr ToxA в штаммах патогена, что свидетельствует о нарушении экспрессии мутантного гена <italic>ToxA</italic>. Тем не менее мутантный ген <italic>ToxA</italic>, содержащий<italic> </italic>PtrHp2, сохраняется в 45% конидиального потомства гриба. Гомологичные инсерционному элементу PtrHp2 последовательности встречаются в некодирующих частях гена <italic>ToxB</italic> и его гомологов у штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic>, а также в геномах грибов других видов, что свидетельствует о его транспозонной природе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tan spot</kwd><kwd>phytotoxin</kwd><kwd>necrotrophic effector</kwd><kwd>insertion element PtrHp2</kwd><kwd>gene ToxA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>желтая пятнистость</kwd><kwd>фитотоксин</kwd><kwd>некротрофный эффектор</kwd><kwd>инсерционный элемент PtrHp2</kwd><kwd>ген ToxА</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rees R.G., Platz G.J., Mayer R.J. Yield losses in wheat from yellow spot: Comparison of estimates derived from single tillers and plots // Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1982. V. 33. P. 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9820899</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bhathal J., Loughman R., Speijers J. Yield reduction in wheat in relation to leaf disease from yellow (tan) spot and Septoria nodorum blotch // Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003. V. 109. P. 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024277420773</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Adhikari T.B., Bai J., Meinhardt S.W. et al. Tsn1-mediated host responses to ToxA from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2009. V. 22. № 9. P. 1056–1068. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-9-1056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Tan K.C., Ferguson-Hunt M., Rybak K. et al. Quantitative variation in effector activity of ToxA isoforms from Stagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2012. V. 25. P. 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Friesen T.L., Stukenbrock E.H., Liu Z. et al. Emergence of a new disease as a result of interspecific virulence gene transfer // Nat. Genet. 2006. V. 38. P. 953–956. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1839</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Faris J.D., Liu Z., Xu S.S. Genetics of tan spot resistance in wheat // Theor. Appl. Genet. 2013. V. 126. P. 2197–2217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-013-2157-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Stukenbrock E.H., McDonald B.A. Geographical variation and positive diversifying selection in the host specific toxin Sn ToxA // Mol. Plant Pathol. 2007. V. 8. P. 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00396.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Баранова О.А., Коваленко Н.М., Михайлова Л.А. Частота гена ToxA в популяциях Pyrenophora tritici-repentis на Северном Кавказе и северо-западе России // Микология и фитопатология. 2015. Т. 49. № 5. С. 325–329.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Aboukhaddour R., Hafez M., McDonald M. et al. A revised nomenclature for ToxA haplotypes across multiple fungal species // Phytopathology. 2023. V. 113. № 7. P. 1180–1184. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-23-0017-SC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Hafez M., Despins T., Nakajima K., Aboukhaddour R. Identification of a novel ToxA haplotype of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from Japan // Phytopathology. 2022. V. 112. P. 1597–1602. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-22-0001-SC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Баранова О.А., Коваленко Н.М. Характеристика географически отдаленных популяций Pyrenophora tritici-repentis по вирулентности и генам токсинообразования ToxA и ToxB // Вестн. защиты растений. 2019. № 1. С. 24–29. https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2019-1(99)-24-29</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Орина А.С., Коваленко Н.М., Зубко Н.Г. Расовый состав и изменчивость гена ToxA в географически отдаленных популяциях Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Микология и фитопатология. 2024. Т. 58. № 3. С. 246–253. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364824030064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Михайлова Л.А., Гультяева Е.И., Кокорина Н.М. Лабораторные методы культивирования возбудителя желтой пятнистости пшеницы Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Микология и фитопатология. 2002. Т. 36. № 1. С. 63–67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Murray H.G., Thompson W.F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight DNA // Nucl. Acids Res. 1980. V. 8. P. 4321–4325. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Andrie R.M., Pandelova I., Ciuffetti L.M. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic characterization strengthens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race identification // Phytopathology. 2007. V. 97. P. 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-97-6-0694</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Boom R., Sol C.J., Salimans M.M. et al. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids // J. Clin. Microbiol. 1990. V. 28. P. 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.3.495-503.1990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Waterhouse A.M., Procter J.B., Martin D.M.A. et al. Jalview Version 2 – a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench // Bioinformatic. 2009. V. 25. P. 1189–1191. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Reuter J.S., Mathews D.H. RNAstructure: Software for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis // BMC Bioinformatic. 2010. V. 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Lamari L., Gilbert J., Tekauz A. Race differentiation in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and survey of physiologic variation in western Canada // Can. J. Plant Pathol. 1998. V. 20. P. 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669809500410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lamari L., Strelkov S.E. The wheat – Pyrenophora tritici-repentis interaction: Progress towards an understanding of tan spot disease // Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2010. V. 32. P. 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661003594117</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Михайлова Л.А., Мироненко Н.В., Коваленко Н.М. Популяции Pyrenophora tritici-repentis на Северном Кавказе и Северо-Западе России: расовый состав и динамика вирулентности // Микология и фитопатология. 2014. Т. 48. Вып. 6. С. 393–400.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Афанасенко О.С., Новожилов К.В. Проблемы рационального использования генетических ресурсов устойчивости растений к болезням // Экол. генетика. 2009. Т. 7. № 2. С. 38–42. https://doi. Org/10.17816/ecogen7238-43</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lepoint P., Renard M.E., Legreve A. et al. Genetic diversity of the mating type and toxin production genes in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Phytopathology. 2010. V. 100. P. 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-100-5-0474</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Moolhuijzen P.M., See P.T., Oliver R.P., Moffat C.S. Genomic distribution of a novel Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ToxA insertion element // PLoS One. 2018. V. 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206586</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Chang S.S., Zhang Z., Liu Y. RNA interference pathways in fungi: mechanisms and functions // Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2012. V. 66. P. 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150138</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez J.P., Oesch N.W., Ciuffetti L.M. Characterization of the multiple-copy host-selective toxin gene, ToxB, in pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis // Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2004. V. 17. P. 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.5.467.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wyatt N.A., Friesen T.L. Four reference quality genome assemblies of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata: A resource for studying the barley spot form net blotch interaction // Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2021. V. 34. P. 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-20-0228-A</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>McDonald M.C., Taranto A.P., Hill E. et al. Transposon-mediated horizontal transfer of the host-specific virulence protein ToxA between three fungal wheat pathogens // mBio. 2019. V. 10. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01515-19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Gourlie R., McDonald M., Hafez M. et al. The pangenome of the wheat pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis reveals novel transposons associated with necrotrophic effectors ToxA and ToxB // BMC Biol. 2022. V. 20. Art. 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01433-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Gluck-Thaler E., Vogan A.A., Branco S. Giant mobile elements: Agents of multivariate phenotypic evolution in fungi // Cur. Biol. 2022. V. 32. № 5. P. R234–R236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Urquhart A.S., Vogan A.A., Gardiner D.M., Idnurm A. Starships are active eukaryotic transposable elements mobilized by a new family of tyrosine recombinases // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2023. V. 120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214521120</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Орина А.С., Коваленко Н.М. Генетический полиморфизм ядер штаммов Pyrenophora tritici-repentis по генам-эффекторам ToxA и ToxB // Генетика. 2021. T. 57. № 5. C. 528–535. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016675821040093 (Mironenko N.V., Orina A.S., Kovalenko N.M. Nuclear genetic polymorphism in Pyrenophora tritici-repentic strains for ToxA and ToxB effector genes // Rus. J. Genetics. 2021. V. 57. P. 533–539. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795421040098)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
