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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675824090017</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">afbxch</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Another unsolvable problem and axiom of biology: it is impossible to deduce the properties of cells in an organism from the properties of individual cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Комментарий. Еще одна нерешаемая проблема и аксиома биологии: нельзя из свойств отдельных составляющих клеток вывести их свойства в организме</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratyeva</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьева</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>liakondratyeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sverdlov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свердлов</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>edsverd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский центр “Курчатовский институт”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667193">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667193</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Within a brief commentary, the problem of unpredictable “emergent” properties of complex biological systems arising from interactions between their individual components is discussed. We draw attention to the fundamental impossibility of determining the state of the cell within the organism based on the data obtained after its separation from the multicellular system. Briefly considered are the current state of research on the history of the emergence of multicellularity and the complexity it has introduced into the discussion of the evolution of life on Earth. An axiom is proposed summarizing existing data, asserting that properties of multicellular organisms emerge at each level of organization that are unpredictable based on the properties of individual modules and cells. It is not possible to derive from the properties of individual cell components their properties in the whole organism.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В рамках краткого комментария обсуждается проблема непредсказуемых (“эмерджентных”) свойств сложных биологических систем, возникающих в результате взаимодействий между их отдельными компонентами. Обращается внимание на принципиальную невозможность определения статуса клетки в составе организма на основании данных, полученных после ее отделения от многоклеточной системы. Кратко рассматриваются современное состояние исследований истории появления многоклеточности и той сложности, которую ее появление внесло в обсуждение эволюции жизни на Земле. Предлагается обобщение имеющихся данных в форме аксиомы, утверждающей, что в многоклеточных организмах на каждом уровне организации возникают свойства, непредсказуемые на основании свойств отдельных модулей и клеток. Нельзя из свойств отдельных составляющих клеток вывести их свойства в организме.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>complex systems</kwd><kwd>emergent properties</kwd><kwd>multicellular organisms</kwd><kwd>cell–cell communication</kwd><kwd>axiom of complexity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сложные биологические системы</kwd><kwd>эмерджентные свойства</kwd><kwd>многоклеточность</kwd><kwd>межклеточные взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>аксиома сложности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Baysoy A., Bai Z., Satija R., Fan R. The technological landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics // Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2023. V. № P. 1–19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Raredon M.S.B., Yang J., Kothapalli N. et al. 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