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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">667186</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675824100096</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">wevytv</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hypermethylation of Long Non-Coding RNA Genes <italic>GAS5, Hotair, Hotairm</italic>1 and <italic>SSTR5-AS</italic>1 As Factors in the Development and Progression of Metastatic Breast Cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гиперметилирование генов длинных некодирующих рнк <italic>Gas5, Hotair, Hotairm</italic>1 и <italic>SSTR5-AS</italic>1 как фактор развития и прогрессии метастатического рака молочной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukina</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукина</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинов</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burdennyy</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурдённый</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronina</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронина</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arzhanukhina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аржанухина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazubskaya</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казубская</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Braga</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брага</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>p.lenyxa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Genetic Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-генетический научный центр им. академика Н.П. Бочкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667186">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667186</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Metastasis to the lymph nodes is one of the most important factors in the poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer; the five-year survival rate for metastatic breast cancer is less than 30%. DNA methylation occurs in the early stages of the development of cancer, and also plays an important role in the development of lymphatic metastases and can serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of malignant tumors, including breast cancer. The lncRNA genes <italic>GAS5, HOTAIR, HOTAIRM1, SSTR5-AS1</italic>, presumably hypermethylated in breast cancer and associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, were bioinformatically selected. Quantitative methyl-specific PCR showed a statistically significant increase in the methylation level of these lncRNA genes in breast tumors compared to the paired norm. Hypermethylation of the <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic> and <italic>SSTR5-AS1</italic> genes in breast cancer was identified for the first time. Using statistical analysis, positive correlations were established between methylation levels for the <italic>GAS5-HOTAIR</italic> and <italic>SSTR5-AS1-HOTAIRM1</italic> pairs. The result of co-methylation of <italic>GAS5</italic> and <italic>HOTAIR</italic> in breast cancer is consistent with the bioinformatically predicted (using enrichment analysis and the ncPath database) participation of these lncRNAs in the regulation of common signaling pathways and biological processes. The level of methylation of the lncRNA genes <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic> and <italic>SSTR5-AS1</italic> is associated with indicators of breast cancer progression (stage of the tumor process, tumor size, presence of metastases in the lymph nodes). A model has been proposed for assessing the risk of developing lymphogenous metastases depending on the level of methylation of the <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic> gene. Thus, data were obtained on lncRNAs GAS5, HOTAIR, HOTAIRM1 and SSTR5-AS1 and hypermethylation of their genes as factors in the development and progression of metastatic breast cancer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Метастазирование в лимфатические узлы относится к наиболее важным факторам плохого прогноза больных РМЖ, пятилетняя выживаемость при метастатическом РМЖ составляет менее 30%. Метилирование ДНК происходит на ранних стадиях онкологических заболеваний, а также играет важную роль в развитии лимфогенных метастазов и может служить диагностическим и прогностическим маркером РМЖ. Биоинформатически отобраны гены днРНК <italic>GAS5, HOTAIR, HOTAIRM1, SSTR5-AS1, </italic>предположительно гиперметилированные при РМЖ и связанные с эпителиально-мезенхимальным переходом и метастазированием. Методом количественной метилспецифичной ПЦР показано статистически значимое повышение уровня метилирования этих генов днРНК в опухолях молочной железы по сравнению с парной нормой. Гиперметилирование генов <italic>HOTAIRM1 </italic>и <italic>SSTR5-AS1 </italic>при РМЖ выявлено впервые. Методом статистического анализа установлены положительные корреляции между уровнями метилирования для пар <italic>GAS5 </italic>– <italic>HOTAIR </italic>и <italic>SSTR5-AS1 </italic>– <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic>. Результат о ко-метилировании <italic>GAS5 </italic>и<italic> HOTAIR </italic>при РМЖ согласуется с биоинформатически предсказанным (с привлечением анализа обогащения по функциональной принадлежности и базы данных ncPath) участием этих днРНК в регуляции общих сигнальных путей и биологических процессов. Уровень метилирования генов днРНК <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic> и <italic>SSTR5-AS1 </italic>ассоциирован с показателями прогрессии РМЖ (стадией опухолевого процесса, размером опухоли, наличием метастазов в лимфатические узлы). Предложена модель оценки риска развития лимфогенных метастазов в зависимости от уровня метилирования гена <italic>HOTAIRM1</italic>. Таким образом, получены данные о днРНК GAS5, HOTAIR, HOTAIRM1 и SSTR5-AS1 и гиперметилировании их генов как факторе развития и прогрессии метастатического РМЖ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>DNA methylation</kwd><kwd>long non-coding RNA</kwd><kwd>lymphogenous metastases</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>метилирование ДНК</kwd><kwd>длинные некодирующие РНК</kwd><kwd>лимфогенные метастазы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд (гранд)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation (grand)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-75-00132</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bray F., Laversanne M., Sung H. et al. 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