Russian Journal of GeneticsRussian Journal of GeneticsГенетика0016-67583034-5103The Russian Academy of Sciences66707210.31857/S0016675823090023WROKEZОБЗОРНЫЕ И ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СТАТЬИCellular and Epigenetic Aspects of Trained Immunity and Prospects for Creation of Universal Vaccines in the Face of Increasingly Frequent PandemicsКлеточные и эпигенетические аспекты программирования тренированного иммунитета и перспективы создания универсальных вакцин в преддверии учащающихся пандемийAlekseenkoI. V.АлексеенкоИ. В.edsverd@gmail.comVasilovR. G.ВасиловР. Г.edsverd@gmail.comKondratyevaL. G.КондратьеваЛ. Г.liakondratyeva@yandex.ruKostrovS. V.КостровС. В.edsverd@gmail.comChernovI. P.ЧерновИ. П.edsverd@gmail.comSverdlovE. D.СвердловЕ. Д.edsverd@gmail.comNational Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”Национальный исследовательский центр Курчатовский институт,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesИнститут биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук01092023599981100126022025Copyright ©; 2023, И.В. Алексеенко, Р.Г. Василов, Л.Г. Кондратьева, С.В. Костров, И.П. Чернов, Е.Д. СвердловCopyright ©; 2023, И.В. Алексеенко, Р.Г. Василов, Л.Г. Кондратьева, С.В. Костров, И.П. Чернов, Е.Д. Свердлов2023И.В. Алексеенко, Р.Г. Василов, Л.Г. Кондратьева, С.В. Костров, И.П. Чернов, Е.Д. СвердловИ.В. Алексеенко, Р.Г. Василов, Л.Г. Кондратьева, С.В. Костров, И.П. Чернов, Е.Д. Свердловhttps://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/667072

The inevitability of pandemics creates an urgent requirement for emergency action to develop effective technologies to reduce harm to the human population in the period between the onset of an epidemic and the development and production of a vaccine. In this review we discuss the possibility of engineering universal vaccines. Such vaccines would exploit the nonspecific potential of innate immunity, would allow the population to be vaccinated when an unidentified pathogen appears, and would reduce disease severity until pathogen-specific vaccines become available. There are strong evidences that bacterial or viral vaccines such as BCG, measles and polio have heterologous protective effects against unrelated pathogens. This is attributed to the innate immune system’s ability to maintain the memory of past infections and use it to develop immune defenses against new ones. This effect has been called “trained” immunity. The use of trained immunity may also represent an important new approach to improving existing vaccines or to developing new vaccines that combine the induction of classical adaptive immune memory and innate immune memory. Such approaches can be boosted by genetic technology and prove extremely useful against future pandemics.

Неизбежность вспышек пандемических болезней вызывает острую необходимость чрезвычайных мер, направленных на создание эффективных технологий снижения их вреда для человеческой популяции в промежуток времени от появления эпидемии до разработки соответствующих вакцин и организации их производства. В данном обзоре мы обсуждаем возможность создания универсальных вакцин, которые, используя неспецифический антипатогенный потенциал врожденного иммунитета, позволяли бы при появлении неидентифицированного патогена вакцинировать популяцию, в которой произошла вспышка болезни, и снижать ее остроту до появления специфических к данному патогену вакцин. В целом имеются убедительные доказательства того, что живые бактериальные или вирусные вакцины, например, от туберкулеза (БЦЖ), кори и полиомиелита, оказывают гетерологичное защитное воздействие против неродственных патогенов. Это связано со способностью врожденной иммунной системы хранить память о прошлых инфекциях и использовать ее для выработки иммунной защиты против новых. Этот эффект получил название “обученного” или “тренированного” иммунитета. Использование тренированного иммунитета также может представлять собой важный новый подход к улучшению существующих вакцин или к разработке новых вакцин, которые сочетают в себе индукцию классической адаптивной иммунной памяти и врожденной иммунной памяти. Такие подходы могут быть усилены с помощью генетических технологий и могут оказаться чрезвычайно полезными в борьбе с будущими пандемиями.

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