<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-6758</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5103</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">666908</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016675823010095</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CNHMLD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА РАСТЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Chloroplast DNA Markers on the Phylogeography Study of Roburoid Oaks (<italic>Quercus</italic> L. sect. <italic>Quercus</italic>, Fagaceae) in the Crimean-Caucasian Region</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Маркеры хлоропластной ДНК в исследовании филогеографии робуроидных дубов (<italic>Quercus</italic> L. секции <italic>Quercus</italic>, Fagaceae) крымско-кавказского региона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semerikova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семерикова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>s.a.semerikova@ipae.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экологии растений и животных Уральского отделения
Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-01-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, С.А. Семерикова</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, С.А. Семерикова</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">С.А. Семерикова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">С.А. Семерикова</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/666908">https://transsyst.ru/0016-6758/article/view/666908</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181323402880">The variability of five fragments of chloroplast DNA (ASq, CDq, TFq, <italic>trn</italic>H-<italic>psb</italic>A and <italic>trn</italic>K-<italic>mat</italic>K) with a total length of more than 10,000 bp in three species of roburoid oaks of the Crimean-Caucasian region (<italic>Q. robur</italic>, <italic>Q. petraea</italic>, <italic>Q. pubescens</italic>) was studied. A total of 11 haplotypes were found in 290 individuals from 20 populations, 10 of which differed from the haplotypes of the main range. The obtained results show a pronounced structure of the geographical distribution of haplotypes of roburoid oaks in the Crimea and the Caucasus, and the chloroplast haplotypes of the region belong to several divergent phylogenetic lines. A comparison with data from other studies was carried out, with an assessment of the degree of effectiveness of the use of various chloroplast fragments and markers. The isolated phylogenetic position of the haplotypes of the Crimean-Caucasian populations and deep differences from the haplotypes of the main area allows us to conclude that robouroid oaks have historically been isolated for a long time in the Caucasus and Crimea. At the same time, the presence of common haplotypes indicates closer historical ties between the Crimean-Caucasian populations with Asia Minor and the Balkans. All haplotypes are identified by three fragments (ASq, CDq and TFq), with a sufficient level of variability and suitable for solving problems of oak phylogeography in the Crimean-Caucasian region. The <italic>trn</italic>H-<italic>psb</italic>A and <italic>trn</italic>K-<italic>mat</italic>K markers had a low level of variability and did not reveal additional haplotypes. Optimized genotyping options have been proposed, including both step by step sequencing, and a combination of analysis of chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR), restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP), and sequencing. To assess the variability of markers in a larger taxonomic range, representatives of other sections of the genus <italic>Quercus</italic> were included in the analysis. It was shown that the oak-specific primers proposed for ASq, CDq, and TFq fragments are suitable for species of other sections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181323398128">Исследована изменчивость пяти участков хлоропластной ДНК (ASq, CDq, TFq, <italic>trn</italic>H-<italic>psb</italic>A и <italic>trn</italic>K-<italic>mat</italic>K) общей длиной более 10 000 пн у трех видов робуроидных дубов крымско-кавказского региона (<italic>Q. robur</italic>, <italic>Q. petraea</italic>, <italic>Q. pubescens</italic>). Всего у 290 особей из 20 популяций обнаружено 11 гаплотипов, 10 из которых отличались от гаплотипов восточноевропейской части ареала. Полученные результаты показывают выраженную структуру географического распределения гаплотипов робуроидных дубов в Крыму и на Кавказе и принадлежность хлоропластных гаплотипов региона к нескольким дивергентным филогенетическим линиям. Проведено сравнение с данными других исследований, с оценкой степени эффективности использования разных хлоропластных регионов и маркеров. Обособленное филогенетическое положение гаплотипов крымско-кавказских популяций и значительное отличие от гаплотипов более северной части ареала позволяет сделать заключение об исторически длительном изолированном существовании робуроидных дубов на Кавказе и в Крыму. В то же время наличие общих гаплотипов указывает на тесные исторические связи крымско-кавказских популяций с Малой Азией и с Балканами. Все гаплотипы выявляются тремя фрагментами (ASq, CDq и TFq), с достаточным уровнем изменчивости и пригодными для решения задач филогеографии дубов в крымско-кавказском регионе. Маркеры <italic>trn</italic>H-<italic>psb</italic>A и <italic>trn</italic>K-<italic>mat</italic>K имели низкий уровень изменчивости и не выявили дополнительных гаплотипов. Предложены оптимизированные варианты генотипирования, включающие как поэтапное секвенирование, так и предполагающие сочетание анализа микросателлитных локусов хлоропластной ДНК (cpSSR), рестриктного анализа (PCR-RFLP) и секвенирования. Для оценки изменчивости маркеров в большем таксономическом диапазоне в анализ были включены представители других секций рода <italic>Quercus</italic>. Показано, что специфичные для дуба праймеры, предложенные для фрагментов ASq, CDq и TFq, пригодны для видов других секций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd><italic>Quercus robur</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Q. petraea</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Q. pubescens</italic></kwd><kwd>Caucasus</kwd><kwd>Crimea</kwd><kwd>cpDNA variation</kwd><kwd>molecular markers</kwd><kwd>cpSSR</kwd><kwd>PCR-RFLP</kwd><kwd>phylogeography</kwd><kwd>population structure.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd><italic>Quercus robur</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Q. petraea</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Q. pubescens</italic></kwd><kwd>Кавказ</kwd><kwd>Крым</kwd><kwd>изменчивость хлоропластной ДНК</kwd><kwd>молекулярные маркеры</kwd><kwd>cpSSR</kwd><kwd>PCR-RFLP</kwd><kwd>филогеография</kwd><kwd>популяционная структура.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kremer A., Hipp A.L. Oaks: an evolutionary success story // New Phytologist. 2020. V. 226. № 4. P. 987–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16274</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Denk T., Grimm G.W., Manos P.S. et al. An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: Review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns // Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. / Eds Gil-Pelegrin E., Peguero-Pina J.J., Sancho-Knapik D. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017. V. 7. P. 13–38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Hipp A.L., Manos P.S., Hahn M. et al. Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny // New Phytologist. 2020. V. 226. № 4. P. 1198–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16162</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Тахтаджян А.Л. Флористические области Земли. Л.: Наука, Ленингр. отд., 1978. 247 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Конспект флоры Кавказа: в 3 томах / Под ред. Кудряшовой Г.Л., Татанова И.В. СПб.; М.: Тов-во науч. изданий КМК, 2012. Т. 3. Ч. 2. 623 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ена А.В. Природная флора Крымского полуострова. Симферополь: Н. Орiанда, 2012. 232 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Shatilova I., Mchedlishvili N., Rukhadze L., Kvavadze E. The history of the flora and vegetation of Georgia (South Caucasus). Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum, Institute of Paleobiology, 2011. 200 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Cordova C.E., Gerasimenko N.P., Lehman P.H., Kliukin A.A. Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of Crimea: pollen, soils, geomorphology, and geoarchaeology // Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis / Eds Buyne-vich I.V., Yanko-Hombach V., Gilbert A.S., Martin R.E. Book series: Geological Society of America Special Paper. 2011. V. 473. P. 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1130/2011.2473(09)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Меницкий Ю.Л. Дубы Азии. Л.: Наука, 1984. 315 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Семериков Л.Ф. Популяционная структура древесных растений (на примере видов дуба европейской части СССР и Кавказа). М.: Наука, 1986. 140 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Dumolin-Lapegue S., Demesure B., Fineschi S. et al. Phylogeographic structure of white oaks throughout the European continent // Genetics. 1997. V. 146. № 4. P. 1475–1487.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Petit R.J., Csaikl U.M., Bordacs S. et al. Chloroplast DNA variation in European white oaks – phylogeography and patterns of diversity based on data from over 2600 populations // Forest Ecol. Management. 2002. V. 156. № 1–3. P. 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00645-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Petit R.J., Brewer S., Bordacs S. et al. Identification of refugia and postglacial colonisation routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence // Forest Ecol. Management. 2002. V. 156. P. 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00634-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Bordacs S., Popescu F., Slade D. et al. Chloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in northern Balkans and in the Carpathian Basin // Forest Ecol. Management. 2002. V. 156. № 1–3. P. 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00643-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Slade D., Skvorc Z., Ballian D. et al. The chloroplast DNA polymorphisms of white oaks of section Quercus in the Central Balkans // Silvae Genetica. 2008. V. 57. № 4–5. P. 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Curtu A.L., Sofletea N., Toader A.V., Enescu M.C. Leaf morphological and genetic differentiation between Quercus robur L. and its closest relative, the drought-tolerant Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch. // Annals Forest Science. 2011. V. 68. № 7. P. 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0105-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Moldovan I.C., Sofletea N., Curtu A.L. et al. Chloroplast DNA diversity of oak species in Eastern Romania // Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 2010. V. 38. Iss. 3. P. 302–307.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Ekhvaia J., Simeone M.C., Silakadze N., Abdaladze O. Morphological diversity and phylogeography of the Georgian durmast oak (Q. petraea subsp iberica) and related Caucasian oak species in Georgia (South Caucasus) // Tree Genet. Genom. 2018. V. 14. № 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1232-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tekpinar A.D., Aktas C., Kansu C. et al. Phylogeography and phylogeny of genus Quercus L. (Fagaceae) in Turkey implied by variations of trnT((UGU))-L-(UAA)-F ((GAA)) chloroplast DNA region // Tree Genet. Genom. 2021. V. 17. Iss. 5.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01522-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Семерикова С.А., Исаков И.Ю., Семериков В.Л. Изменчивость хлоропластной ДНК и филогеография дуба черешчатого Quercus robur L. в восточной части ареала // Генетика. 2021. Т. 57. № 1. С. 56–71. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016675821010136</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Degen B., Yanbaev Y., Mader M. et al. Impact of gene flow and introgression on the range wide genetic structure of Quercus robur (L.) in Europe // FORESTS. 2021. V. 12. Iss. 10.https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101425</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Simeone M.C., Piredda R., Papini A. et al. Application of plastid and nuclear markers to DNA barcoding of Euro-Mediterranean oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae): problems, prospects and phylogenetic implications // Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2013. V. 172. Iss. 4. P. 478–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12059</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Piredda R., Simeone M.C., Attimonelli M. et al. Prospects of barcoding the Italian wild dendroflora: oaks reveal severe limitations to tracking species identity // Mol. Ecol. Resources. 2011. V. 11. Iss. 1. P. 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02900.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Taberlet P., Gielly L., Pautou G., Bouvet J. Universal primers for amplification of 3 non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA // Plant Mol. Biology. 1991. V. 17. № 5. P. 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Demesure B., Sodzi N., Petit R.J. A set of universal primers for amplification of polymorphic noncoding regions of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in plants // Mol. Ecol. 1995. V. 4. № 1. P. 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00201.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Devey M.E., Bell J.C., Smith D.N. et al. A genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata based on RFLP, RAPD and microsatellite markers // Theor. Appl. Genet. 1996. V. 92. № 6. P. 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hall T.A. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT // Nucl. Acids Symp. Series. 1999. V. 41. P. 95–98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. MrBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models // Bioinformatics. 2003. V. 19. № 12. P. 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Swofford D.L. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4.0 beta10. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, 2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Семерикова С.А., Исаков И.Ю., Семериков В.Л. Изменчивость хлоропластной ДНК отражает историю Tilia cordata s. l. в восточной части ареала // Генетика. 2020. Т. 56. № 2. С. 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016675820020113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>https://quercusportal.pierroton.inra.fr/index.php?p= GENOMIC_SEQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Sork V.L., Fitz-Gibbon S.T., Puiu D. et al. First draft assembly and annotation of the genome of a California endemic oak Quercus lobata Nee (Fagaceae) // G3: Genes Genomes Genetics. 2016. V. 6. № 11. P. 3485–3495. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.030411</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Pham K.K., Hipp A.L., Manos P.S., Cronn R.C. A time and a place for everything: Phylogenetic history and geography as joint predictors of oak plastome phylogeny // Genome. 2017. V. 60. № 9. P. 720–732. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0191</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Librado P., Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data // Bioinformatics. 2009. V. 25. № 11. P. 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Deguilloux M.F., Dumolin-Lapegue S., Gielly L. et al. A set of primers for the amplification of chloroplast microsatellites in Quercus // Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2003. V. 3. № 1. P. 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00339.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Simeone M.C., Grimm G.W., Papini A. et al. Plastome data reveal multiple geographic origins of Quercus Group Ilex // Peer. J. 2016. V. 4. Article number 40e1897. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1897</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Curtu A.L., Gailing O., Finkeldey R. Evidence for hybridization and introgression within a species-rich oak (Quercus spp.) community // BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007. V. 7. Article number 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-218</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Degen B., Blanc-Jolivet C., Bakhtina S. et al. Applying targeted genotyping by sequencing with a new set of nuclear and plastid SNP and indel loci for Quercus robur and Quercus petraea // Conserv. Genet. Resour. 2021. V. 13. P. 345–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-021-01207-6</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
